This study brings to light the complexities and intricacies of transforming schools in the context of two conflicting and contradictory processes of transition: the transition from the colonial system of government to a totalitarian and centralised system rooted in a Socialist discourse; and the departure from a failed Socialist project en route to an unknown future dictated by a neo-liberal discourse, liberal democracy and free-market economy. It will be of interest to those concerned with the question of education reform in developing countries, particularly students, teachers and researchers. The study covers an important gap in Southern African studies in addressing the question of school reform under conditions of conflict and emergency.