The Romans invaded Britains on three occasions, twice under Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC, under Claudius in AD 43, and in AD 296 under Constantius Chlorus. Gerald Grainge looks at the challenges and how they were overcome, reconstructing the ships and examining weather patterns, tidal regimes, and coastline changes. This fresh account of events, based on a reassessment of the original sources and on recent historical research and archaeological evidence, is set in the context of the development of Scotland from prehistoric times to nationhood.