How do doctors decide whether their drugs, or other treatments, actually work? In practice this can be fiendishly difficult. Nowadays the gold standard is the randomised controlled trial (RCT). But the RCT is a recent invention, and the story of how it came to dominate therapeutic evaluation from the latter half of the twentieth century involves acrimony, confrontation, and manipulation of the powerful rhetoric of "control". Control and the Therapeutic Trial examines the development of the RCT from the eclectic collection of methodologies available to practitioners in the early-twentieth century. In particular, it explores the British Medical Research Council"s (MRC) exploitation of the term "controlled" to help establish its own "controlled trials" as the gold standard for therapeutic evaluation, and, ultimately, the MRC itself as the proper authority to adjudicate on therapeutic efficacy. This rhetorical power still clings, and is exploited today. Control and the Therapeutic Trial will be of interest not only to historians of twentieth-century medicine and practising clinicians who take therapeutic decisions, but to anyone who seeks a broader insight into the forces that shaped, and control, the modern controlled trial. Contents** Acknowledgements** Note on National Arhives Source Material** Introduction** 1 No Word is Innocent: The History and Rhetoric of Controlled Trials prior to 1948** 2 Good, Bad or Offal? The Rhetoric of Control in the Evaluation of Raw Pancreas Therapy** 3 Bright Lights, Smoky Cities: Light Therapy in 1920s Britain** 4 Control and the MRC"s Evaluation of Serum Therapy for Pneumonia, 1929 34** 5 Keeping it Controlled: The MRC s Trials of Immunisation against Influenza** 6 Whose Words are they Anyway? The Contrasting Strategies of Almroth Wright and Bradford Hill to Capture the Nomenclature of Controlled Trials** 7 Conclusion: What"s Controlled about the Controlled Trial?** Bibliography** Index**