The Theology of Struggle is a genuinely popular Filipino theology rooted in the history and culture of a people who have endured colonial oppression at the hands of Spain, North America, and Japan, as well as neo-colonialism and home-grown dictatorship. Because Christianity has played a role in assisting the history of oppression in the Philippines, a theology of struggle must include a "struggle in theology, " to wrest Christian symbols from the hands of the oppressors and return them to the poor. This theology, which is otherwise expressed in articles, poems, art, and action, receives its first systematic treatment in Toward a Theology of Struggle.