Native American wars and warfare were a fact of life in North America for thousands of years. However, this A-to-Z volume concentrates on the conflicts that arose after the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World in 1492. From then until the late 1800s, the number of armed conflicts among Native American groups and between Indians and their non-Indian opponents reached significant proportions. Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare reflects the perspective of both sides, whether the opponents were from different tribes or different cultures, whether Apache or Lakota, American or Russian. Enhanced by photographs, illustrations, and maps, this fascinating reference gives readers a richer understanding of the people, places, and conflicts that helped shape North America.