Researchers are currently facing a new era that will bring an epochal revolution in the medical approaches to preventing and curing neoplastic disorders. This has been made possible by several factors such as careful studies of familial genetic disorders, identification of molecular targets, epidemiological work on conditions for gastrointestinal cancer risks and the appreciation of preneoplastic lesions. Moreover, an increased availability of standard diagnostic methods and interventional techniques provides new chances of maintaining or restoring health. Last but not least, the human genome sequence as well as the continuous development of molecular technologies will provide more opportunities to prevent neoplasias. This publication addresses key topics related to cancer prevention as well as new approaches to cancer therapy.