This collection of documents focuses on the experiences of Muslims, both enslaved and free, in Brazil in the nineteenth century. The book contains original sources, including testimonies of enslaved Africans, the travel accounts of visiting Europeans, trial records from the 1835 uprising in Bahia, and reports by Brazilian journalists and intellectuals. In examining the encounters of Muslims, these documents highlight an important but neglected theme in Brazilian studies, and hence in the study of the African diaspora: the role of Islam in shaping the societies of the Americas during the era of slavery. Why was it that Brazil received more enslaved Muslims than anywhere else in the Americas? The volume contains an introduction that places the documents in the context of the history of Muslims in nineteenth-century Brazil, explaining the African background of the enslaved Muslim community and the repression of Islam that followed the abortive uprising of 1835. In addition to documents on the Muslim uprising of 1835, the selection draws on articles, biographical profiles, and the Arabic manuscript of al-Baghdadi, who visited Brazil for two years in the 1850s.