Tracing the evolution of the role of women from ancient Middle Eastern societies through the 17th century, Guity Nashat employs a rational-choice theoretical framework, examining the interplay between local practices and early Islamic beliefs and institutions. As Islam expanded throughout the area, the foundations of Islamic law and practice with regard to women underwent significant development. Judith Tucker surveys women"s gender issues in the 19th- and 20th-century Middle East, with a particular focus on economic activity, access to political power, and contributions to cultural life. Her essay also addresses the role that Islam and indigenous custom are thought to play in shaping women"s lives.