The overarching issue in this casebook is how ought society learn about and respond to science and medicine. Five themes are explored: The use and misuse of scientific or medical expertise in making public policy; Who decides; the need to find appropriate institutions to promote, to direct, and even to curtail science and medicine; The application of risk assessment or cost-benefit analysis to scientific and medical issues; The contrasting value systems of law, science, and medicine; and The ethical and religious implications of developments in science and medicine.