An exhaustive study of the intended meaning of the United States Constitution as originally framed in 1787, implemented in 1789, and amended in 1791, 1798, and 1804, this expansive work traces each provision of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the 11th and 12th Amendments to their basic roots. Taking into account the constitutional law and history of England, events of the American Revolution, debates at the Philadelphia Convention, discussions in the Federalist, and other historic events and documents, the author examines the more perfect union established in 1789 as a confederacy of free, sovereign, and independent states, exactly as King George III prescribed when he conceded American independence.