The Gift to be Simple- SONGS, DANCES AND RITUALS OF THE AMERICAN SHAKERS by EDWARD D. ANDREWS. Contents include: Introduction ., 3 I. Songs and Rituals .......... 9 Texts Illustrating Various Types of Shaker Songs II. Tunes and Music 83 A Collection o Tunes with Texts III. Dances 143 IV. Post Script 158 Selected References 160 Index of First Lines of Songs ........ 165 Index of Tunes and Songs with Melodic Accompaniment . . 169 vii ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Shakers near Lebanon, State of New York . . . Frontispiece lithograph by A. Imbcrt, New York, c, 1830. FACING PAGE 2. Shaker meeting-houses .......... 20 Wood-cut by Benson Lossing. 1857. 3. Title-page of Millennial Praises 36 Printed at Hancock by Josiah TaUcott, Junior. 1813. 4. Page from manuscript hymnal Simple Gifts .... 36 . Song-book of Mary Hazzard. New Lebanon, 1847. 5. Ritual song in manuscript ......... 36 From, a hymnal dating from 1837. New Lebanon community. 6. A leaf from the tree of songs 36 From the manuscript hymnal of Mary Hazzard. New Lebanon, 1839. 7. Mountain meeting .......... 52 Wood-cut from David Lamsons f Two Years among the Shakers. West Bolyston, 1848. 8. Singing meeting 52 Wood-engraving by Joseph Becker. 1885. 9. Welcome song written in four-shape notation .... 68 From manuscript hymnal of George DeWitt. New Lebanon, 1822. 10. Title-page of Isaac Youngs Rules of Music 68 Printed at New Lebanon, 1843. ii and na. Letter-notes and dance tunes from Youngs manual . . 68 ILLUSTRATIONS Contin ued FACING PAGE 12. Song printed in letter-notes . 68 From A Sacred Repository of Anthems and Hymns. Canterbury, 1852. 13. More Love 84 Leaflet song, Canterbury, c. 1871. 14 Square-order dance .......... 84 Wood-engraving by Benson Lossing, 1857. From Harpers New Monthly Magazine. 15. Sacred march 100 Wood-engraving by A. Boyd Houghton, 1870. From The London Graphic. 16. Circular dance 100 Wood-engraving from Leslies Popular Monthly, 1885. Probably by Joseph Becker. 17. Promiscuous dance 116 Wood-engraving by A. Boyd Houghton, 1870,