This primer provides a guide to clinical interpretations for those in the practice of psychotherapy. The book is divided into two parts: Part I deals with the classical approach to clinical interpretation; and Part II deals with developments since Freud, including Kohut"s self-psychological approach, Hoffman"s dialectical constructivist approach, Roy Schafer"s multifaceted approach, Donald Spence"s radical narrative approach, the intersubjective approach and the radical relational approach.