In the 1990s, the developed world has witnessed a pendulum swing away from unconditional entitlement to social assistance towards greater emphasis on obligations and conditions tied to the receipt of financial assistance. With the introduction of "targeting" through administrative reforms, conditions of entitlement have been narrowed. The product of research funded by the European Union, this title compares "work-for-welfare" (workfare) policies objectively. It considers well-known schemes from the United States alongside more overlooked examples of workfare to be found in six European countries.