This book, "Das altfranzösische Rolandslied. Genauer Abdruck der Oxforder Hs. Digby 23, besorgt von Edmund Stengel (German Edition)", by Edmund Stengel, is a replication. It has been restored by human beings, page by page, so that you may enjoy it in a form as close to the original as possible. This book was created using print-on-demand technology. Thank you for supporting classic literature.