This volume contains seven keynote lectures of the TI 2006 conference that was held in Porquerolles, May 29-June 2, 2006. These lectures address the latest developments in direct numerical simulations, large eddy simulations, compressible turbulence, coherent structures, bubbly channel flows, combustion. The keynote lectures are extended manuscripts that were not published in the special issues of the journals "Computers and Fluids" and "Flow, Turbulence and Combustion". The present monograph is a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in the field of turbulence with a view on theory, experiments and numerical simulations.