The purpose of First Stars and Galaxies: Challenges in the Coming Decade was to congregate theorists and observers to review recent developments in our understanding of the formation of primordial stars and protogalaxies in advance of key upcoming missions and telescopes. We also devised strategies for the next generation of numerical models of early cosmological structure formation, whose results will be compared to the upcoming Jmaes Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).