Why are some parts of the world so rich and others so poor? Why did the Industrial Revolution-and the unprecedented economic growth that came with it-occur in eighteenth-century England, and not at some other time, or in some other place? Why didn"t industrialization make the whole world rich-and why did it make large parts of the world even poorer? In A Farewell to Alms, Gregory Clark tackles these profound questions and suggests a new and provocative way in which culture-not exploitation, geography, or resources-explains the wealth, and the poverty, of nations. Countering the prevailing theory that the Industrial Revolution was sparked by the sudden development of stable political, legal, and economic institutions in seventeenth-century Europe, Clark shows that such institutions existed long before industrialization. He argues instead that these institutions gradually led to deep cultural changes by encouraging people to abandon hunter-gatherer instincts-violence,...