Summary "Topics in Programming Languages" explores the arch from the formation of alphabet and classical philosophy to artificial programming languages in the structure of one argumentative topics list: as if it were philosophy interpreted and programmed. One such endeavour is taken to tend toward phonetics and sounds of speech analysis with ?-calculus, and, ultimately, Prolog - the programming language of choice in artificial intelligence - born of the natural language processing reverie and delusion. The well-ordered list of arguments targets the conceptual tree behind both the functional and the logical, the procedural and the declarative paradigms in programming languages by studying close the ascendum (convolution) of the Aristotelian efficient cause into the notions of function (Leibniz), rule (Kant) and algorithm as effective procedures in computation (Church-Turing). The Author Luis Manuel Cabrita Pais Homem graduated in Philosophy in the Faculty of Letters of the...