Europe’s Uncertain Path is an introduction to Europe’s turbulent history from 1814 to 1914. It presents a clear narrative of the major political events, set against the backdrop of social, economic, and cultural change. Providing comprehensive coverage of all the leading European states, the author compares experiences in Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the Russian and Austro–Hungarian Empires. Alexander explains the causes and outcomes of major events: the effect of the emergence of mass politics; the evolution of political ideologies; the link between foreign and domestic policy; and the breakdown of the states system. The emphasis throughout is on the relation between state formation and growth in civil society, and the differences and similarities of this experience across countries. Enhanced by illustrations, maps, and figures, Europe’s Uncertain Path provides a thorough background for anyone interested in modern...