After the Three Italies provides a novel synthesis of the literature on convergence and the new economic geography, and develops a new political economy approach to the analysis of the territorial division of labour. New theoretical and methodological approaches are exemplified through an up–to–date account of Italy‘s economic performance and of its recent development relative to other European countries and the rest of the world. Grounded also in the animated recent discussion of Italian development, and drawing on the results of recent ESRC–funded research, as well as on a large range of official data sets, the authors provide a new and more complex picture of Italian industrial change and regional economic performance.