The catastrophic economic, social and political crisis of our time calls for a new and original critique of political economy ? a rethinking of Marx’s project in the very different conditions of twenty–first century capitalism. Stiegler argues that today the proletarian must be reconceptualized as the economic agent whose knowledge and memory are confiscated by machines. This new sense of the term ‘proletarian’ is best understood by reference to Plato’s critique of exteriorized memory. By bringing together Plato and Marx, Stiegler can show how a generalized proletarianization now encompasses not only the muscular system, as Marx saw it, but also the nervous system of the so–called creative workers in the information industries. The proletarians of the former are deprived of their practical know–how, whereas the latter are shorn of their theoretical practice, and both suffer from a confiscation of the very possibility of a genuine art of living....