The aim of this book is to acquaint the reader with the results of the Soviet biological studies that were obtained mostly from piloted spacecraft, especially orbital stations which were most suitable as environments for work with plants and other biological subjects. The authors are keen on this aim because they have been actively involved in in-flight experiments over the years and have study experience and results which have not yet been published. Space experiments are expensive, unique, and nonreproducible; the exclusive value of the results they yield was the motivation for writing this book which consists of three sections and conclusion. The first section is an overview of biological studies that have been made in space. It contains a historical perspective on space studies at Soviet orbital stations Salyut and Mir, with unique exchanges between the Center for Piloted Flight Control and the cosmonauts who were performing a biological study program; it also presents...